1. Which among the following plays a role in production of alcohol in beer?
- Virus
- Yeast
- Bacteria
- Protozoan
Show Answer
Answer: Yeast
Yeast, a type of fungus, plays a pivotal role in the production of alcohol in beer through the fermentation process. During fermentation, yeast converts sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide, contributing to the alcoholic content and carbonation of the beverage. This process is fundamental in brewing and is employed not only in beer production but also in the making of wine and other fermented beverages.
2. Which among the following are called scavengers of ecosystems?
- Algae, Fungi & Bacteria
- Fungi & Bacteria
- Bacteria
- None of the above
Show Answer
Answer: Algae, Fungi & Bacteria
Algae, fungi, and bacteria are collectively referred to as scavengers in ecosystems due to their crucial role in decomposing dead organic material. These organisms act as decomposers, breaking down complex organic compounds into simpler forms and recycling nutrients back into the ecosystem. Their activity is essential for nutrient cycling, soil fertility, and the overall balance of ecosystems.
3. Actinomycetes are a good source of which of the following?
- Antibiotics
- Antibodies
- Vitamins
- Antihistamines
Show Answer
Answer: Antibiotics
Actinomycetes, a group of filamentous bacteria with characteristics of both bacteria and fungi, are renowned for their ability to produce antibiotics. Streptomycin, tetracycline, and erythromycin are examples of antibiotics derived from actinomycetes. Beyond their role in medicine, actinomycetes also contribute to various industrial processes, including the production of enzymes and bioactive compounds.
4. Which of the following organisms grows on Common Bread?
- Mucor
- Virus
- Bacterium
- Yeast
Show Answer
Answer: Mucor
Mucor is a type of mold that can grow on common bread. This fungus belongs to the Zygomycota phylum and is known for its rapid growth under favorable conditions. While Mucor is not typically harmful, its presence on bread can lead to spoilage and affect the taste and texture of the food. Proper storage and handling are essential to prevent mold growth on perishable items.
5. Penicillin’ which is used as an antibiotic is obtained from _____?
- Algae
- Lichens
- Bacteria
- Fungi
Show Answer
Answer: Fungi
Penicillin, one of the most widely used antibiotics, is obtained from certain fungi, specifically the Penicillium genus. The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 revolutionized medicine, marking the beginning of the antibiotic era. Penicillin and its derivatives are effective against a broad spectrum of bacteria and have played a crucial role in treating bacterial infections, saving countless lives since their introduction.
6. The nutritional supplements Spirulina, Chlorella, and the Vitamin-C supplement, Dunaliella are actually:
- Probiotics
- Bryophytes
- Algae
- Lichens
Show Answer
Answer: Algae
Spirulina, Chlorella, and Dunaliella are popular types of algae often used as nutritional supplements. These microalgae are rich in nutrients and are considered potential sources of protein, vitamins, and antioxidants. Spirulina is a cyanobacterium known for its high protein content, while Chlorella is a green alga that is nutrient-dense. Dunaliella, a type of green microalga, is valued for its beta-carotene content and antioxidant properties. These algae are commonly incorporated into health products for their potential benefits.
7. Who among the following is considered as the “Father of Indian Phycology”?
- Prof. R.R. Mishra
- Prof. R.N. Singh
- Prof. M.O.P. Iyenger
- Prof. J.N. Mishra
Show Answer
Answer: Prof. M.O.P. Iyenger
Professor M.O.P. Iyengar is widely recognized as the “Father of Indian Phycology” for his significant contributions to the study of algae in India. His work has greatly advanced the understanding of algal diversity and ecology in Indian waters. As a pioneering phycologist, Professor Iyengar’s research has had a lasting impact on the field, and his legacy continues to inspire and guide future generations of algae researchers in India.
8. Who is known as the “Father of Phycology”?
- Smith
- Morris
- Fritsch
- Papenfus
Show Answer
Answer: Fritsch
FE Fritsch is known as the “Father of Phycology” for his substantial contributions to the study of algae. Frederick Ernest Fritsch was a British phycologist whose extensive research significantly advanced the understanding of algal taxonomy, morphology, and reproduction. His comprehensive work laid the foundation for the field of phycology, contributing to the classification and identification of algae species.
9. What is the botanical name of sea palm?
- Ectocarpus
- Macrocystis
- Polysiphonia
- Postelsia
Show Answer
Answer: Postelsia
Postelsia piriformis, commonly known as sea palm or palm seaweed, belongs to the genus Postelsia within the brown algae group. This distinctive seaweed is found along the Pacific coast of North America, particularly in rocky intertidal zones. Its elongated, palm-like fronds give it the appearance of a miniature palm tree. Postelsia piriformis plays a role in coastal ecosystems, providing habitat and serving as a food source for various marine organisms.
10. Where does agar-agar come from?
- Gracillaria
- Gelidium
- Ahnfeltia
- All the above
Show Answer
Answer: All the above
Agar-agar, a gelatinous substance widely used in the food industry, is obtained from various red algae species. Notable sources of agar-agar include Gigartina, Gelidium, and Gracillaria. Extracted from the cell walls of these red algae, agar-agar is valued for its gelling properties and is used as a vegetarian alternative to animal-derived gelatin. It finds applications in culinary settings, microbiology, and other industries that benefit from its versatile gel-forming characteristics.
11. Iodine is obtained from which of the following members?
- Red algae
- Blue-green algae
- Green algae
- Brown algae
Show Answer
Answer: Brown algae
Iodine, an essential element for human health, is obtained from certain brown algae, with notable examples being kelp species like Fucus and Laminaria. These brown algae have the remarkable ability to accumulate and concentrate iodine from seawater. Iodine is crucial for the synthesis of thyroid hormones in humans, and the inclusion of iodine-rich algae in the diet has been a traditional practice in various cultures to address iodine deficiency.
12. Algae cell wall is made up of which of the following?
- Cellulose
- Suberin
- Chitin
- Cutin
Show Answer
Answer: Cellulose
The cell wall of algae is primarily composed of cellulose, a complex carbohydrate that provides structural support to the algal cells. While cellulose is also found in the cell walls of plants, algae exhibit diverse cell wall compositions depending on their taxonomic groups. Cellulose contributes to the rigidity and strength of the cell wall, playing a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of algal cells.
13. Which of the following is an example of agarophytes?
- Nostoc
- Gelidium
- Dictyota
- Fucus
Show Answer
Answer: Gelidium
Gelidium thalloid is an example of agarophytes, which are red algae species known for their role in agar production. Agar, a gelatinous substance derived from certain red algae, finds extensive use in the food industry, microbiology, and various scientific applications. Gelidium thalloid and other agarophytes contribute to the production of agar through extraction from their cell walls, making it a valuable resource in various fields.
14. Which of the following do you consider the best evidence to show that the two species of algae are closely related?
- They both reproduce asexually
- They both have the same type of pigments
- They both respire and release CO2
- They both are found in the same habitat
Show Answer
Answer: They both have the same type of pigments
Having the same type of pigments is a strong indicator that two species of algae are closely related. Algae exhibit a diverse range of pigments, including chlorophylls, carotenoids, and phycobilins, which are responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis. Similar pigment compositions suggest a common ancestry and evolutionary relationship between algae species, aiding taxonomists in classifying and understanding the evolutionary history of different algal groups.
15. Pyrenoids are the centre of the formation of_?
- Fats
- Starch
- Enzymes
- Proteins
Show Answer
Answer: Starch
Pyrenoids are specialized structures within algae cells that serve as centers for starch formation. These structures are particularly prevalent in certain types of algae, including green algae such as Chlamydomonas. Pyrenoids play a crucial role in the synthesis and storage of starch, which serves as an energy reserve for the algae. The presence of pyrenoids is a distinctive feature observed in microscopic examinations of algal cells, contributing to their physiological adaptations for efficient photosynthesis and energy storage.
16. Which of the following groups is used to represent disease-related fungi?
- Smuts, rusts, and moulds
- All of the above
- Penicillium
- Truffles, mushrooms, and morels
Show Answer
Answer: Smuts, rusts, and moulds
Smuts, rusts, and molds collectively represent disease-related fungi, encompassing various fungal pathogens that can afflict plants, animals, and humans. Smuts and rusts are notorious for causing diseases in plants, affecting crops and leading to agricultural losses. Molds, on the other hand, can cause health issues in humans, and some species are associated with food spoilage. Understanding and managing these disease-related fungi are essential for maintaining the health of ecosystems, crops, and individuals.
17. Fungi that get their food directly from dead organic matter are called?
- Mutualists
- Parasitic fungi
- Predators
- Decomposers
Show Answer
Answer: Decomposers
Fungi that obtain their food directly from dead organic matter are referred to as decomposers. These organisms play a vital role in breaking down complex organic compounds into simpler forms, facilitating the recycling of nutrients in ecosystems. Decomposer fungi, such as saprophytic molds and certain mushrooms, contribute to the decomposition of dead plant and animal material, returning essential nutrients to the soil and supporting the balance of nutrient cycles.
18. Which of the following is an indicator of SO2 pollution of air?
- Mosses
- Lichens
- Puffballs
- Mushrooms
Show Answer
Answer: Lichens
Lichens serve as indicators of sulfur dioxide (SO2) pollution in the environment. These unique organisms are symbiotic associations between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. Lichens are particularly sensitive to air quality, and their presence or absence can signal the level of air pollution, especially sulfur dioxide. The health of lichen populations is monitored as a valuable tool for assessing environmental pollution and air quality.
19. Fungal disease – Black rust of wheat is caused by?
- Puccinia graminis tritici
- Albugo candida
- Melampsora lini
- Claviceps purpurea
Show Answer
Answer: Puccinia graminis tritici
Black rust of wheat is caused by the fungus Puccinia graminis tritici. This fungal pathogen poses a significant threat to wheat crops, leading to reduced yields and economic losses. The characteristic black pustules on infected wheat plants contain countless spores, contributing to the spread of the disease. Effective disease management strategies are crucial for mitigating the impact of black rust and ensuring the productivity of wheat agriculture.
20. Oyster mushroom is an example of predator fungi that attacks___?
- Platyhelminthes
- Roundworms
- Tapeworms
- Pinworms
Show Answer
Answer: Roundworms
Oyster mushrooms are known for their predatory behavior towards roundworms, showcasing a fascinating aspect of their ecological role. These mushrooms, belonging to the genus Pleurotus, have been observed capturing and consuming nematodes.
21. What is the primary pigment responsible for photosynthesis in most algae?
- Chlorophyll a
- Chlorophyll b
- Carotenoids
- Phycobilins
Show Answer
Answer: Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll a is the main photosynthetic pigment in algae, capturing light energy for photosynthesis.
22. Which of the following algae is responsible for “red tide” phenomena?
- Diatoms
- Dinoflagellates
- Green algae
- Brown algae
Show Answer
Answer: Dinoflagellates
Dinoflagellates, specifically some species, are known for causing red tide blooms, which can produce toxins harmful to marine life.
23. What is the main structural component of fungal cell walls?
- Cellulose
- Chitin
- Peptidoglycan
- Pectin
Show Answer
Answer: Chitin
Fungal cell walls are primarily composed of chitin, a complex sugar polymer.
24. Lichens represent a mutualistic association between fungi and:
- Algae
- Mosses
- Ferns
- Liverworts
Show Answer
Answer: Algae
Lichens are a symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an algal or cyanobacterial partner.
25. The body of most fungi is composed of thread-like structures called:
- Hyphae
- Mycelium
- Stolon
- Rhizoid
Show Answer
Answer: Hyphae
Hyphae are the filamentous structures that make up the body (mycelium) of most fungi.
26. Which of the following fungi is used in the production of bread?
- Aspergillus
- Saccharomyces
- Penicillium
- Rhizopus
Show Answer
Answer: Saccharomyces
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is commonly used in the fermentation of bread dough.
27. The “water molds” that can cause diseases in plants and animals belong to which group of fungi?
- Zygomycota
- Ascomycota
- Basidiomycota
- Oomycota
Show Answer
Answer: Oomycota
Oomycetes, or water molds, are fungus-like microorganisms that include plant and animal pathogens.
28. The symbiotic relationship between fungi and plant roots, aiding in nutrient absorption, is known as:
- Mycorrhiza
- Lichenization
- Endophytism
- Commensalism
Show Answer
Answer: Mycorrhiza
Mycorrhizal associations benefit both the fungus and plant by enhancing nutrient absorption.
29. Which of the following algae is commonly used in the production of agar?
- Chlorella
- Spirulina
- Gelidium
- Euglena
Show Answer
Answer: Gelidium
Agar, a gelatinous substance, is derived from certain red algae, including species of Gelidium.
30. The “smuts” and “rusts” that cause plant diseases belong to which group of fungi?
- Zygomycota
- Ascomycota
- Basidiomycota
- Deuteromycota
Show Answer
Answer: Basidiomycota
Smuts and rusts are plant pathogens belonging to the phylum Basidiomycota.
31. Which of the following is a fungal infection commonly associated with contaminated bird droppings?
- Aspergillosis
- Candidiasis
- Histoplasmosis
- Coccidioidomycosis
Show Answer
Answer: Histoplasmosis
Histoplasmosis is caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum and is associated with bird droppings.
32. The algal group responsible for the production of a significant portion of Earth’s oxygen is:
- Chlorophyta
- Rhodophyta
- Phaeophyta
- Cyanobacteria
Show Answer
Answer: Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, play a crucial role in oxygen production through photosynthesis.
33. What is the function of the mycelium in fungi?
- Reproduction
- Nutrient absorption
- Spore formation
- Photosynthesis
Show Answer
Answer: Nutrient absorption
The mycelium of fungi is responsible for absorbing nutrients from the surrounding environment, facilitating nutrient uptake by the organism.
