1. Among Ferns, Mosses, Algae & Fungi, chlorophyll is found in ?
- Algae, Ferns & Mosses
- None of the above
- Algae & Ferns
- Algae & Mosses
Show Answer
Answer: Algae, Ferns & Mosses
Chlorophyll, the green photosynthetic pigment crucial for capturing light energy during photosynthesis, is found in various plant groups, including algae, ferns, and mosses. Algae encompass a diverse range of photosynthetic organisms, ferns are vascular plants that reproduce via spores, and mosses, being non-vascular plants, also contain chlorophyll. This pigment allows these plants to convert sunlight into chemical energy, facilitating their growth and development.
2. Non-vascular embryophytes are____:
- Bryophytes
- Gymnosperms
- Pteridophytes
- Algae
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Answer: Bryophytes
Non-vascular embryophytes refer to bryophytes, a group of plants that includes liverworts, hornworts, and mosses. Unlike vascular plants, bryophytes lack specialized tissues for water and nutrient transport. Despite this, they play crucial roles in ecosystems, particularly in retaining moisture, preventing soil erosion, and serving as habitat for various organisms. Bryophytes are considered early land plants and are characterized by their ability to reproduce via spores.
3. Which is the largest Bryophyta?
- Megaceros
- Dawsonia
- Funaria (Moss)
- Marchantia
Show Answer
Answer: Dawsonia
Dawsonia is considered the largest bryophyte due to its impressive stature and thicker leaves. Dawsonia, commonly known as the giant moss or tree moss, is a genus of moss found in various regions, including Australia and New Zealand. Its tall growth, reaching heights comparable to small trees, makes it distinctive among moss species. The structure and appearance of Dawsonia contribute to its ecological significance and unique role within bryophyte communities.
4. Who is considered the “Father of Indian Bryology”?
- Prof. S.R. Kashyap
- Prof. P.N. Mehra
- Prof. K.C. Mehta
- Prof. D.D. Pant
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Answer: Prof. S.R. Kashyap
Professor S.R. Kashyap is honored as the “Father of Indian Bryology” for his substantial contributions to the study of bryophytes in India. His research and documentation have significantly advanced the understanding of the diversity, distribution, and ecology of bryophytes across different regions of India. Professor Kashyap’s work has had a lasting impact on bryology, inspiring further research and fostering the appreciation of these non-vascular plants in the scientific community.
5. Heteromorphic alternation of generation is commonly found in___?
- Bryophyta
- Fungi
- Algae
- All the above
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Answer: All the above
Heteromorphic alternation of generation is a reproductive strategy commonly found in Bryophyta, which includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. In this life cycle, bryophytes exhibit distinct morphological forms in their gametophytic and sporophytic generations. The gametophyte is the haploid, gamete-producing phase, while the sporophyte is the diploid, spore-producing phase. This alternation of generations is a characteristic feature of the life cycle of bryophytes.
6. In which of the following groups would you place a plant that produces spores and embryos but lacks seeds and vascular tissue?
- Pteridophytes
- Gymnosperms
- Fungi
- Bryophytes
Show Answer
Answer: Bryophytes
A plant that produces spores and embryos but lacks seeds and vascular tissue would belong to the Bryophytes group, which includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes are non-vascular plants, meaning they lack specialized tissues for water and nutrient transport. Despite this limitation, they play important ecological roles, especially in early successional environments, and contribute to soil development.
7. Which of the following occurs in Bryophytes?
- Great ecological importance
- A lot of aesthetic value
- Great economic value
- No value at all
Show Answer
Answer: Great ecological importance
Bryophytes have great ecological importance, as they help prevent soil erosion and serve as pollution indicators. Their ability to retain moisture and stabilize soil makes them valuable in preventing erosion. Additionally, bryophytes are sensitive to environmental changes, and certain species can indicate pollution levels. Monitoring the health and distribution of bryophyte populations contributes to assessing the ecological quality of ecosystems.
8. Which of the following is not a characteristic of Bryophytes?
- Photosynthetically independent sporophyte
- Presence of archegonium
- Motile sperms
- All the above
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Answer: All the above
Motile sperms, the presence of archegonium, and the presence of antheridium are indeed characteristics of Bryophytes. In bryophytes, such as mosses and liverworts, the presence of archegonia and antheridia—structures that produce eggs and sperm, respectively—facilitates sexual reproduction. The sperms are motile and require water for successful fertilization, emphasizing the dependence on a moist environment for the reproductive success of bryophytes.
9. Which is the last stage of the gametophytic generation?
- Spores
- Zygote
- Gametes
- Spore mother cells
Show Answer
Answer: Gametes
Gametes are the last stage of the gametophytic generation, representing the sex cells of plants. In the life cycle of plants, the gametophytic generation produces gametes through mitosis. These gametes—sperm and eggs—combine during fertilization to form a zygote, initiating the sporophytic generation. In bryophytes, this transition from the gametophytic to sporophytic phase is a critical stage in their life cycle.
10. Which of the following is a true moss?
- Irish moss
- Bogg moss (Sphagnum)
- Club moss
- Reindeer moss
Show Answer
Answer: Bogg moss (Sphagnum)
Bog moss, scientifically known as Sphagnum, is indeed a true moss. However, club moss is not a true moss but rather a member of the pteridophyte group. Reindeer moss and Irish moss, on the other hand, are lichens, which are symbiotic associations between fungi and algae or cyanobacteria. These distinctions highlight the diversity of non-vascular plants like mosses and lichens, as well as the differentiation between true mosses and other plant forms.
11. How do bryophytes differ from pteridophytes?
- Archegonia
- Lack of vascular tissue
- Swimming antherozoids
- An independent gametophyte
Show Answer
Answer: Lack of vascular tissue
One of the key differences between bryophytes and pteridophytes is the presence or lack of vascular tissue. Bryophytes, including mosses, liverworts, and hornworts, lack vascular tissue, limiting their ability for efficient water and nutrient transport. In contrast, pteridophytes possess vascular tissue comprising xylem and phloem, allowing them to grow taller and exhibit more complex structures. This vascular differentiation is a significant evolutionary advancement in plant development.
12. Which of the following is least likely to be found along the beach?
- Mosses
- Red algae
- Brown algae
- All the above
Show Answer
Answer: Mosses
While mosses thrive in various terrestrial environments, including damp and shaded areas, they are less likely to be found along the beach compared to brown algae and red algae. Brown and red algae are adapted to marine environments, and their unique structures and reproductive strategies enable them to inhabit coastal areas. In contrast, mosses, being non-vascular plants, are more commonly associated with moist soils and terrestrial habitats.
13. The gametophytic generation is predominant in which of the following?
- Angiosperms
- Gymnosperms
- Pteridophyta
- Bryophyta
Show Answer
Answer: Bryophyta
The gametophytic generation is indeed predominant in Bryophyta, encompassing mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. Bryophytes exhibit a life cycle where the gametophyte, a haploid phase, is the dominant and independent generation. This gametophytic phase produces gametes, which unite during fertilization to form the sporophyte, initiating the next stage of the life cycle.
14. What are the first plants that lived on land?
- Bryophytes
- Pteridophytes
- Angiosperms
- Gymnosperms
Show Answer
Answer: Bryophytes
Bryophytes hold the distinction of being the first plants that lived on land. These non-vascular plants played a crucial role in terrestrial colonization, paving the way for the evolution of more complex plant forms. Their adaptation to land involved unique reproductive strategies and physiological adjustments that allowed them to thrive in diverse environments.
15. Which place in India is called the “Gold Mine of Liverworts”?
- Western Ghats
- Eastern Ghats
- Eastern Himalayas
- Western Himalayas
Show Answer
Answer: Western Himalayas
The Western Himalayas in India are aptly called the “Gold Mine of Liverworts.” This region is renowned for its rich biodiversity of liverworts, a group of bryophytes. Liverworts have distinctive structures and contribute significantly to the ecological diversity of the Western Himalayas. The term “Gold Mine” emphasizes the scientific value and abundance of liverwort species in this unique and biodiverse Himalayan ecosystem.
16. What is the dominant stage in the life cycle of mosses and bryophytes?
- Gametophyte
- Sporophyte
- Zygote
- Embryo
Show Answer
Answer: Gametophyte
In mosses and bryophytes, the gametophyte stage is the dominant and independent stage of the life cycle, while the sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte.
17. Which structure in mosses is responsible for the production of spores?
- Antheridium
- Archegonium
- Capsule
- Rhizoid
Show Answer
Answer: Capsule
Spores are produced in the capsule, which is a structure found in the sporophyte generation of mosses.
18. What is the function of the rhizoids in mosses?
- Reproduction
- Absorption of water and nutrients
- Photosynthesis
- Spore dispersal
Show Answer
Answer: Absorption of water and nutrients
Rhizoids in mosses are thread-like structures that anchor the plant and absorb water and nutrients from the substrate.
19. What is the purpose of the peristome in moss capsules?
- Spore dispersal
- Protection of the sporophyte
- Photosynthesis
- Sperm production
Show Answer
Answer: Spore dispersal
The peristome in moss capsules aids in gradual spore release, contributing to effective dispersal.
20. In mosses, what is the male gametangium called?
- Antheridium
- Archegonium
- Sporangium
- Capsule
Show Answer
Answer: Antheridium
The antheridium produces male gametes (sperm) in mosses.
21. What is the primary role of the gametophyte in the moss life cycle?
- Produce spores
- Produce eggs and sperm
- Carry out photosynthesis
- Provide support to the sporophyte
Show Answer
Answer: Produce eggs and sperm
The gametophyte produces gametes (eggs and sperm) in the moss life cycle.
22. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of bryophytes?
- Vascular tissues
- Seeds
- Flowers
- Lack of true roots
Show Answer
Answer: Lack of true roots
Bryophytes, including mosses, typically lack true roots, stems, and leaves.
23. What is the purpose of the elaters in the capsules of some mosses?
- Protection of spores
- Aiding in spore dispersal
- Photosynthesis
- Absorption of nutrients
Show Answer
Answer: Aiding in spore dispersal
Elaters in moss capsules help in spore dispersal by responding to changes in humidity and assisting in spore release.
24. Which of the following bryophytes has a flattened thallus body form?
- Liverwort
- Hornwort
- Moss
- Clubmoss
Show Answer
Answer: Liverwort
Liverworts often have a flattened thallus body form, unlike the stem-like structures found in mosses.
25. In bryophytes, which structure is responsible for anchoring the plant to the substrate?
- Rhizome
- Rhizoid
- Stolon
- Tendril
Show Answer
Answer: Rhizoid
Rhizoids anchor the bryophyte to the substrate and aid in water absorption.
26. What is the significance of the symbiotic relationship between bryophytes and mycorrhizal fungi?
- Enhanced nutrient absorption
- Protection from herbivores
- Increased water retention
- Improved photosynthesis
Show Answer
Answer: Enhanced nutrient absorption
Mycorrhizal fungi form a symbiotic relationship with bryophytes, enhancing nutrient absorption, especially phosphorus.
27. Which environmental factor is critical for the successful colonization of bryophytes?
- High temperatures
- Low light intensity
- Presence of mycorrhizal fungi
- Moisture availability
Show Answer
Answer: Moisture availability
Bryophytes require moisture for various life processes, including reproduction and nutrient absorption.
28. What is the role of the calyptra in the moss life cycle?
- Protection of the gametophyte
- Protection of the sporophyte
- Spore dispersal
- Nutrient absorption
Show Answer
Answer: Protection of the sporophyte
The calyptra protects the developing sporophyte in mosses as it emerges from the archegonium.
29. Which process is responsible for the conversion of spores into gametophytes in mosses?
- Germination
- Fertilization
- Mitosis
- Meiosis
Show Answer
Answer: Germination
Germination is the process by which spores develop into gametophytes.
