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Q1: Which type of rocks are formed from existing rocks by undergoing the process of recrystallization?
1. Igneous rocks
2. Metamorphic rocks
3. Sedimentary rocks
4. None of the above
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Metamorphic rocks are formed from existing rocks through the process of recrystallization, which involves changes in mineral composition and texture due to high heat and pressure.
Q2: Which type of rocks are known as Primary rocks?
1. Igneous rocks
2. Metamorphic rocks
3. Sedimentary rocks
4. None of the above
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: All rocks, including metamorphic and sedimentary, are derived from igneous rocks, which are formed by the solidification of hot molten material called magma or lava. Therefore, igneous rocks are also called primary rocks or parent rocks.
Q3: Which type of rocks have a layered-like structure?
1. Igneous rocks
2. Metamorphic rocks
3. Sedimentary rocks
4. None of the above
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Sedimentary rocks are formed by the successive deposition of sediments, giving them a layered or stratified structure. Sandstone, shale, limestone, and dolomite are some examples of sedimentary rocks.
Q4: Which type of rocks are known as Plutonic rocks?
1. Deep-seated Intrusive Igneous rocks
2. Shallow depth intrusive rocks
3. Sedimentary rocks
4. Extrusive igneous rocks
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Plutonic rocks are formed from intrusive igneous rocks that cool and solidify below the earth’s surface.
Q5: Granite is an example of which type of rock?
1. Intrusive igneous rock
2. Extrusive igneous rock
3. Sedimentary rock
4. Metamorphic rock
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Granite is an example of an intrusive igneous rock, which cools and solidifies within the earth’s crust, resulting in a coarse-grained texture.
Q6: Slate is an example of which type of rock?
1. Igneous rock
2. Metamorphic rock
3. Sedimentary rock
4. None of the above
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Slate is a type of metamorphic rock.
Q7: Generally, in which type of rocks are fossils found?
1. Igneous rock
2. Metamorphic rock
3. Sedimentary rock
4. None of the above
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Due to their layered structure, sedimentary rocks often contain fossils of plants, animals, and other microorganisms that once lived on them.
Q8: Which among the following is formed by the process of Lithification?
1. Granite
2. Basalt
3. Marble
4. Feldspar
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: Lithification is the process that gives rise to sedimentary rocks, and among the given, only Feldspar is a sedimentary rock.
Q9: Which among the following is not true regarding igneous rocks?
1. They are formed inside the earth under great pressure.
2. They don’t occur in layers and don’t contain fossils.
3. They are mostly crystalline in nature.
4. All are correct
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and solidification of magma or lava, but they are not formed under great pressure.
Q10: Which among the following is a correct combination?
1. Marble – Metamorphic rock
2. Basalt – Intrusive igneous rock
3. Slate – Extrusive igneous rock
4. All are correct
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Marble is an example of metamorphic rock, not sedimentary or igneous.
Q11: Which of the following are examples of sedimentary rocks?
1. Gypsum
2. Chalk
3. Limestone
4. Igneous Rocks
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: Gypsum, Chalk, and Limestone are examples of sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation or deposition of small particles and subsequent cementation of mineral or organic particles on the floor of oceans or other bodies of water at the Earth’s surface.
Q12: What is Shale an example of?
1. Igneous Rock
2. Sedimentary Rock
3. Metamorphic Rock
4. None of the above
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Shale is an example of sedimentary rock. It is formed from the compaction of silt and clay-size mineral particles that are commonly called mud.
Q13: Which among the following defines Pyroclastics correctly?
1. Rocks composed solely or primarily of volcanic materials
2. Gases which are non-toxic arising mainly from volcanic materials
3. Flowing lava
4. Magma
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Pyroclastics are sedimentary clastic rocks composed mainly of volcanic material. When volcanic material has been transported and reworked through mechanical action, such as by wind or water, these rocks are termed volcaniclastic.
Q14: In which type of rocks can Fossil Fuels be found?
1. Igneous
2. Sedimentary
3. Metamorphic
4. None of the above
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Fossil Fuels can be found in sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary rocks are formed by the accumulation or deposition of small particles and subsequent cementation of mineral or organic particles. Fossil fuels are the remains of ancient plants and animals that have been preserved in sedimentary rocks.
Q15: What is the scientific study of rocks called?
1. Paleography
2. Petrology
3. Mineralogy
4. Numismatics
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Petrology is the scientific study of rocks and the conditions under which they form.
Q16: What is a major factor in determining the properties of rocks?
1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Oxygen
4. Silica
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: The proportion of silica in rocks and minerals is a major factor in determining the properties of rocks.
Q17: Which type of rocks are formed from the cooling and solidification of magma and lava?
1. Igneous
2. Sedimentary
3. Metamorphic
4. Continental
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Rocks that have formed from an originally hot molten material and through the process of cooling and crystallisation are called igneous rocks.
Q18: Which rocks comprise almost 65% of the Earth’s crust?
1. Plutonic
2. Igneous
3. Sedimentary
4. Metamorphic
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Igneous rocks make up most of the Earth’s crust, comprising almost 65% of it.
Q19: Which type of igneous rock forms the majority of the Oceanic crust?
1. Granite
2. Quartzite
3. Basalt
4. Diorite
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Basalt makes up almost 99% of the oceanic crust. Among igneous rocks, 66% are basalt and gabbro.
Q20: Which is the most abundant igneous rock in the Continental crust?
1. Basalt
2. Granite
3. Gabbro
4. Rhyolite
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Of all the igneous rocks, 16% is granite. The continental crust is dominated by Granite, followed by Quartzite.
Q21: How much percentage of the Earth’s crust by volume is composed of Sedimentary rocks?
1. 95%
2. 70%
3. 8%
4. 58%
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Approximately 7.9% of the Earth’s crust by volume is composed of sedimentary rocks.
Q22: What is the percentage of the sedimentary rock cover of the Continents of the earth’s surface?
1. 73%
2. 5%
3. 25%
4. 50%
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Sedimentary rocks makeup only 8% of the volume of Earth’s crust, but the percentage of the sedimentary rock cover of the continents is almost 73% of the earth’s surface.
Q23: Which among the following rocks contain fossils?
1. Plutonic rocks
2. Igneous rocks
3. Sedimentary rocks
4. Metamorphic rocks
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Sedimentary rocks contain fossils, as they form at a temperature and pressure which does not destroy the fossils
Q24: Which among the following rocks is associated with the term ‘change in form’?
1. Metamorphic
2. Sedimentary
3. Igneous
4. Plutonic
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Metamorphic rocks are rocks formed under the change of pressure and temperature. The word ‘morph’ in metamorphic means ‘form,’ and ‘meta’ means ‘change,’ meaning change in form.
Q25: How much percentage of the volume of the Earth’s crust is composed of Metamorphic rocks?
1. 99%
2. 8%
3. 53%
4. 27%
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: Metamorphic rocks are formed by subjecting any rock under different pressure and temperature conditions. They compose 27.4% of the volume of the Earth’s crust.
Q26: Which among the following is not an igneous rock?
1. Granite
2. Limestone
3. Diorite
4. Gabbro
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Limestone is a sedimentary rock. Igneous rocks include – Granite, Diorite, Gabbro, Andesite, Basalt, etc.
Q27: Which among the following rocks is a Metamorphic rock?
1. Granite
2. Quartzite
3. Andesite
4. Rhyolite
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Quartzite is a non-foliated, hard Metamorphic rock. Granite, Andesite, and Rhyolite are examples of igneous rocks.
Q28: What is the change in the particle size of the rock during the process of metamorphism called?
1. Sedimentation
2. Fossilization
3. Recrystallization
4. Banding
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Recrystallization is the change in the particle size of the rock during the process of metamorphism. It takes place under the influence of pressure and temperature.
Q29: What is the process of repetitive layering in the metamorphic rocks called?
1. Weathering
2. Foliation
3. Mass-wasting
4. Recrystallization
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Foliation is the process of repetitive layering of the metamorphic rocks. This process results in the formation of banded rocks portraying different colours of the minerals that formed them.
Q30: Which branch of geology studies the rock formations called layers?
1. Stratigraphy
2. Sedimentology
3. Hydrology
4. Palaeontology
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Stratigraphy is a branch of geology important for studying sedimentary rocks. It studies the rock formations called strata or layers.0235698*/
Q31: What is the molten rock material in the interior of the Earth called?
1. Lava
2. Magma
3. Dyke
4. Sill
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Magma is the molten rock material in the
interior of the Earth. Lava is the erupted
material from the interior of the earth.
Q32: What is the process of successive deposition and formation of Sedimentary rocks called?
1. Foliation
2. Lithification
3. Crystallisation
4. Recrystallisation
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Lithification is the process by which sediments compact under each other and lead to the successive deposition and formation of Sedimentary rocks.
Q33: Which among the following is not a mechanically formed sedimentary rock?
1. Conglomerate
2. Sandstone
3. Shale
4. Coal
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: Coal is an organically or biologically formed sedimentary rock. Mechanically formed sedimentary rocks include Conglomerate, Breccia, Sandstone, Shale, etc.
Q34: Who proposed the Continental Drift theory?
1. Harold Jeffreys
2. Alfred Wegener
3. Harry Hess
4. Victor Vacquier
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Alfred Wegener, a German geophysicist, proposed the continental drift theory in the early 1900s. According to him, the continents are slowly drifting around the earth.
Q35: Who combined the ideas of continental drift and seafloor spreading into ‘Plate Tectonics’?
1. Alfred Wegener
2. John Tuzo Wilson
3. Harry Hess
4. F. Hoyle
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: John Tuzo Wilson, a Canadian geophysicist, combined the theories of sea floor spreading and continental drift into Plate Tectonics.
Q36: Which among the following is not an example of convergent plate boundary?
1. Mount Fuji
2. Mount Lassen
3. Himalayas
4. East African Rift
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: The East African Rift is an example of a divergent plate boundary. Convergent plate boundaries include Mount Fuji, Mount Lassen, the Himalayas, etc.
Q37: At which plate boundaries do the plates slide past each other?
1. Convergent Plate Boundary
2. Divergent Plate Boundary
3. Transform Plate Boundary
4. Plate Boundary Zones
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: The plates slide past one another at the Transform Plate Boundary. At this plate boundary, the crust is neither created nor destroyed.
Q38: At which plate boundary is the crust neither created nor destroyed?
1. Convergent
2. Divergent
3. Transform
4. Plate Boundary Zones
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: The plates slide past one another at the Transform Plate Boundary. Here the crust is neither created nor destroyed, e.g., Calexico, California.
Q39: Which among the following is an example of Transform Plate Boundary?
1. San Andreas Fault, California
2. Andes, South America
3. Mount Fuji, Japan
4. Himalayas, India
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: The plates slide past each other at the transform plate boundary. Here the crust is neither created nor destroyed. For example, the San Andreas Fault.
Q40: Who published the book The Origin of Continents and Oceans?
1. Harry Hess
2. Alfred Wegener
3. John Tuzo Wilson
4. F. Hoyle
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Alfred Wegener, the German climatologist, published his book The Origin of Continents and Oceans in 1915.
Q41: What did Alfred Wegener name his Supercontinent?
1. Panthalassa
2. Gondwana
3. Pangaea
4. Laurasia
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: According to Alfred Wegener, all the major continents formed one giant supercontinent called Pangaea. Around 200 million years ago, Pangaea began to rift.
Q42: At which plate boundaries do mountains occur?
1. Convergent
2. Divergent
3. Transform
4. None of the above
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Mountains, earthquakes, and volcanoes form at convergent plate boundaries, where plates collide.
Q43: At which plate boundaries do rift valleys and ocean ridges occur?
1. Convergent
2. Divergent
3. Transform
4. None of the above
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Rift valleys and ocean ridges form at divergent plate boundaries, where plates move away from each other.
Q44: Which among the following is not a feature of a divergent plate boundary?
1. Mid-oceanic ridges
2. Faulted mountains
3. Fissure volcanoes
4. Rift valleys
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Faulted Mountains are a feature of continent-continent convergence. Mid-oceanic ridges, Fissure volcanoes, and rift valleys are the result of divergent plate boundaries.
Q45: What does the word ‘Pangaea’ mean?
1. All Earth
2. All Ocean
3. All Mountains
4. All Volcanoes
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: According to Alfred Wegener, 200 million years ago, the continents were joined together forming the Supercontinent Pangaea, meaning ‘All Earth.’
Q46: Which among the following is not a Major plate?
1. Australian plate
2. African plate
3. Caribbean plate
4. South American plate
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: The Caribbean plate is a minor plate. It is mostly an oceanic tectonic plate underlying Central America and the Caribbean Sea off the north coast of South America.
Q47: Which among the following is not a Minor Plate?
1. Cocos Plate
2. Antarctic Plate
3. Nazca Plate
4. Arabian Plate
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: The Antarctic Plate is a major plate that includes the continent of Antarctica and extends outward under the surrounding oceans.
Q48: The Plates of the Lithosphere are moved by which of the following?
1. Gravitational force
2. Conduction currents
3. Electromagnetic currents
4. Convection currents
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: The plates of the Lithosphere are moved by the underlying hot mantle convection cells. Convection currents rise in the asthenosphere and lead to the plate movements.
Q49: Which metamorphism happens without any appreciable chemical change?
1. Dynamic Metamorphism
2. Thermal Metamorphism
3. Contact Metamorphism
4. Regional Metamorphism
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: In Dynamic Metamorphism, mechanical forces are dominant, and it therefore does not lead to any considerable chemical change.
Q50: Which among the following is not a foliated metamorphic rock?
1. Gneiss
2. Phyllite
3. Schist
4. Quartzite
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: Metamorphic rocks are classified into Foliated – gneiss, phyllite, schist, and slate, and Non-Foliated – Quartzite, Marble.
Q51: Which among the following statements about igneous rocks is/are correctly matched?
1. Felsic – light-coloured rocks that are rich in elements such as aluminium, potassium, etc.
2. Mafic – dark-coloured rocks that are rich in calcium, iron, magnesium, etc.
3. Both 1 & 2
4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Igneous rocks are divided into Felsic (light-coloured) and Mafic (dark-coloured) based on the composition of various minerals.
Q52: Which among the following is not an example of Acidic Rock?
1. Granite
2. Quartz
3. Basalt
4. Feldspar
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Basalt is a basic igneous rock. Acidic rocks have a high content of silica. For example, Granite, Quartz, and Feldspar are examples of Acidic Rocks.
Q53: Which among the following statements about Basic Igneous rocks is/are not correct?
1. They have low silica content.
2. They cool slowly and thus spread far away
3. They flow and spread far away
4. They are lighter in colour
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: Basic igneous rocks have a dark colour due to the presence of heavy elements. They are also characterised by low silica content and slow cooling, leading to far-reaching spread.
Q54: Which among the following statements about sedimentary rocks is/are correctly matched?
1. Mechanically formed chalk, limestone, coal
2. Organically formed – sandstone, conglomerate, limestone.
3. Chemically formed – limestone, potash.
4. Only 2 & 3
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: Organically formed rocks include chalk, limestone, coal, and geyserite. Mechanically formed rocks include sandstone, conglomerate, limestone, and shale.
Q55: What is the process of arrangement of minerals in alternate thin and thick layers called?
1. Crystallisation
2. Recrystallisation
3. Banding
4. None of the above
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Banding is the process in which minerals of different groups are arranged in alternate thin and thick layers. It is a characteristic of metamorphic rocks.
Q56: According to which theory, the mantle flows neither in cells nor large plumes but rather as a series of channels just below the Earth’s crust, which then provide basal friction to the lithosphere?
1. Sea Floor Spreading
2. Surge Tectonics
3. Continental Drift
4. Plume Tectonics
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: According to Surge Tectonics, the mantle flows neither in cells nor large plumes but just below the Earth’s crust, providing basal friction to the lithosphere. This theory became popular in the 1980s and 1990s.
Q57: Which two forces did Wegener propose as the main driving force behind Continental Drift?
1. Tidal and Centrifugal force
2. Electromagnetic and Gravitational force
3. Tidal and Electromagnetic Force
4. Gravitational and Centrifugal force
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Alfred Wegener stated that the Centrifugal force and the Tidal force were responsible for the Continental Drift.
Q58: Who proposed the concept of SeaFloor spreading?
1. Harry Hess
2. Alfred Wegener
3. Abraham Ortelius
4. F. Hoyle
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Harry Hess, an American geophysicist, proposed the concept of sea floor spreading in 1960. According to Hess, convection currents move the plates around.
Q59: Which geophysicist first speculated that the continents might have drifted?
1. Abraham Ortelius
2. Harry Hess
3. Maurice Ewing
4. Alfred Wegener
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Abraham Ortelius first speculated that the continents might have drifted in 1596. Alfred Wegener proposed his continental drift theory in 1912.
Q60: Which among the following pairs is/are correctly matched?
1. Cocos plate – Between Central America and Pacific plate
2. Nazca plate – Between South America and Pacific plate
3. Neither 1 nor 2
4. Only 1 & 2
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: The Cocos plate is located between Central America and the Pacific plate, while the Nazca plate is located between South America and the Pacific plate.
Q61: Who explained the Convectional Current Theory?
1. Alfred Wegener
2. Harry Hess
3. Arthur Holmes
4. Parker
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Arthur Holmes, an English geologist, explained the Convectional Current Theory in the 1930s. According to him, convection currents play an important role in the movement of plates.
Q62: Which among the following pairs is/are correctly matched?
1. Seafloor spreading – Explains the Movement of Continents only
2. Continental Drift Theory – Explains the Movement of Oceanic Plates only
3. Plate Tectonics – Explains the Movement of Lithospheric plates that include both continents and oceans
4. Only 1 & 2
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Plate Tectonics theory explains the movement of lithospheric plates, which include both continents and oceans. Sea floor spreading and Continental Drift Theory focus on specific aspects of tectonic movement.
Q63: Which theory is also called the Jigsaw fit theory?
1. Continental drift theory
2. Sea floor spreading
3. Plate tectonics
4. Surge tectonics
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: The Continental Drift theory, proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912, is also known as the Jigsaw fit theory. It suggests that the continents were once joined together as a supercontinent called Pangaea.
Q64: What is the mega ocean in Wegener’s continental drift theory called?
1. Pangaea
2. Panthalassa
3. Laurasia
4. Gondwanaland
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: According to Wegener’s continental drift theory, the Supercontinent was called Pangaea, and the ocean surrounding it was called Panthalassa.
Q65: What is the landmass north of the Sea of Tethys called according to Wegener’s theory?
1. Pangaea
2. Panthalassa
3. Laurasia
4. Gondwanaland
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: According to Wegener, when Pangaea broke apart, two landmasses were formed – Laurasia, which was to the north of the Sea of Tethys, and Gondwanaland, which was to the south of the Sea of Tethys.
Q66: Which geologist published ‘Our wandering Continents’?
1. Alfred Wegener
2. Alex du Toit
3. Harry Hess
4. McKenzie
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Alex du Toit published ‘Our Wandering Continents’ in 1937. He supported Wegener’s continental drift theory and further studied the Gondwanaland landmass.
Q67: The Elastic Rebound Theory is related to the origin of which among the following?
1. Volcanoes
2. Oceans
3. Earthquakes
4. Mountains
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: The Elastic Rebound Theory is the most widely accepted theory explaining the origin of earthquakes. It was put forward by H.F. Reid.
Q68: What is the point on the ground vertically above the focus called?
1. Seismic focus
2. Epicentre
3. Hypocentre
4. Crest
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: The Epicentre is the point on the ground vertically above the focus of an earthquake. It is the first to receive the earthquake waves, and the intensity of the earthquake is maximum at this location.
Q69: What are primary waves also called as?
1. Shear waves
2. L-Waves
3. Push waves
4. S-Waves
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Primary waves (P-Waves) are also called Push waves. They are similar to sound waves, and the particles move in the direction of the wave movement.
Q70: What is the point on the fault where seismic waves are released?
1. Hypocentre
2. Epicentre
3. Crest
4. Ridge
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: The Hypocentre or Focus is the point on the fault where rupture occurs, and seismic waves are released. It is the origin of earthquake activity.
Q71: What are the major plates in the theory of Plate Tectonics?
1. Pacific, Indian, Antarctic, Eurasian, African, North American, South American
2. Pacific, Indian, Antarctic, Eurasian, African, North American, South American, Australian
3. Pacific, Indian, Antarctic, Eurasian, African, North American, South American, Australian, Caribbean
4. Pacific, Indian, Antarctic, Eurasian, African, North American, South American, Australian, Caribbean, Juan de Fuca
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: The major plates in the theory of Plate Tectonics are the Pacific Plate, Indian Plate, Antarctic Plate, Eurasian Plate, African Plate, North American Plate, South American Plate, and Australian Plate.
Q72: What is the process of creation and destruction of the Earth’s crust called?
1. Sedimentation
2. Erosion
3. Weathering
4. Tectonics
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: Tectonics is the process of creation and destruction of the Earth’s crust through various geological activities, including plate movements, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and mountain-building processes.
Q73: What is the theory that suggests the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into several large and small plates that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere?
1. Continental Drift Theory
2. Sea Floor Spreading
3. Plate Tectonics Theory
4. Geosyncline Theory
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: The Plate Tectonics Theory suggests that the Earth’s lithosphere is divided into several large and small plates that float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere. These plates are in constant motion, leading to various geological phenomena.
Q74: Which type of plate boundary is responsible for the formation of deep ocean trenches?
1. Convergent boundary
2. Divergent boundary
3. Transform boundary
4. Subduction boundary
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Deep ocean trenches are formed at convergent plate boundaries, where two plates collide, and one plate is forced under the other in a process called subduction.
Q75: What is the name of the supercontinent proposed by Alfred Wegener in his Continental Drift Theory?
1. Pangea
2. Gondwanaland
3. Laurasia
4. Panthalassa
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Alfred Wegener proposed the supercontinent Pangea as part of his Continental Drift Theory, suggesting that all the continents were once connected as one landmass.
Q76: Which among the following is a body wave?
1. Primary wave
2. Love wave
3. Rayleigh wave
4. Lamb wave
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Body waves travel through the interior of the Earth. They are divided into two types: Primary waves (also known as Longitudinal waves) and Secondary waves (also known as Transverse waves).
Q77: What are the two types of surface waves?
1. Love waves and Rayleigh waves
2. Love waves and Longitudinal waves
3. Longitudinal and Transverse waves
4. Longitudinal and Rayleigh waves
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Surface waves travel parallel to the Earth’s surface and are the slowest and most damaging. They are divided into Love waves and Rayleigh waves.
Q78: Which seismic wave moves the material in a circular motion?
1. Longitudinal wave
2. Transverse wave
3. Rayleigh wave
4. Love wave
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Rayleigh waves are slower and move the particles in a circular motion, similar to ocean waves.
Q79: What is the scientific study of earthquakes called?
1. Petrology
2. Seismology
3. Paleontology
4. Sedimentology
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Seismology is the scientific study of earthquakes and the propagation of elastic waves through the Earth.
Q80: What are the sequences of earthquakes striking in a specific area within a short period of time called?
1. Earthquake wave
2. Earthquake swarms
3. Aftershocks
4. Earthquake storm
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Earthquake swarms are sequences of seismic waves within a local area in a short time span. An example of an earthquake swarm is the one that occurred at Yellowstone National Park in 2004.
Q81: What are the small earthquakes that precede the major earthquake called?
1. Aftershocks
2. Earthquake swarms
3. Foreshocks
4. Earthquake storm
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Foreshocks are small earthquakes that often precede a major earthquake by days or, in some cases, by as much as several years.
Q82: Which scale estimates the amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake?
1. Richter scale
2. Mercalli scale
3. Both 1 & 2
4. Neither 1 & 2
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: The Richter Magnitude scale estimates the amount of energy released at the source of the earthquake. It was introduced by Charles Richter in 1935.
Q83: Which scale measures the intensity of the earthquake?
1. Richter scale
2. Mercalli scale
3. Both 1 & 2
4. Neither 1 & 2
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: The intensity of the ground shaking is measured by the modified Mercalli scale. It was invented by Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902.
Q84: Which among the following statements is/are correct?
1. The Richter scale measures the magnitude of the earthquake.
2. The Mercalli scale measures the intensity of the earthquake.
Choose the correct option:
1. Only 1
2. Only 2
3. Both 1 & 2
4. Neither 1 & 2
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: The Richter scale measures the magnitude of the earthquake, and the Mercalli scale measures the intensity of the earthquake.
Q85: On which instrument are the earthquake waves recorded?
1. Barometer
2. Seismograph
3. Ammeter
4. Anemometer
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Earthquake waves are recorded on the seismograph. Seismic waves are mainly of three types: Primary waves, Secondary waves, and Surface or long waves.
Q86: What is the line connecting all points on the surface where the intensity is the same called?
1. Isobar
2. Isohaline
3. Isoseismic
4. Isothermal
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Isoseismic line is the line connecting all points on the surface where the intensity is the same.
Q87: Which among the following is not a cause of an earthquake?
1. Tsunami
2. Fault zone
3. Plate tectonics
4. Volcanic activity
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Causes of an earthquake include fault zones, plate tectonics, and volcanic activity. Tsunamis are an effect of the earthquake and not a cause.
Q88: Which earthquakes are also called ‘crustal earthquakes’?
1. Shallow focus earthquakes
2. Deep focus earthquakes
3. Both 1 & 2
4. Neither 1 & 2
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Most earthquakes have shallow focus and are also called crustal earthquakes. They occur quite frequently and at random.
Q89: What are deep focus earthquakes also known as?
1. Crustal earthquakes
2. Intraplate earthquakes
3. Both 1 & 2
4. Neither 1 & 2
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Deep focus earthquakes are earthquakes deeper than 70 km. They occur in the pattern of Benioff zones and are triggered by the collision between two plates. Hence, they are called intraplate earthquakes.
Q90: Which earthquake plate accounts for about 68% of all the earthquakes?
1. Circum-Pacific belt
2. Alpine belt
3. Mid Atlantic Ridge
4. Mid-world Mountain belt
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: The Circum-Pacific Belt accounts for nearly 68% of all earthquakes. It is associated with volcanic activity and is therefore popularly called the Pacific Ring of Fire.
Q91: On which scale is the energy released during an earthquake expressed in absolute numbers of 0-10?
1. Richter scale
2. Mercalli scale
3. Both 1 & 2
4. Neither 1 & 2
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: The Richter scale is used to measure the magnitude of the earthquake. On the Richter scale, the energy released during an earthquake is expressed in absolute numbers of 0-10.
Q92: Which scale takes into account the visible damage caused by an earthquake?
1. Richter scale
2. Mercalli scale
3. Both 1 & 2
4. Neither 1 & 2
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: The intensity scale is also known as the Mercalli scale. It takes into account the visible damage caused by an earthquake. The range of intensity scale is from 1-12.
Q93: Which among the following is not included in Seismic Zone V of the earthquake?
1. Karnataka Plateau
2. Jammu & Kashmir
3. Himachal Pradesh
4. Andaman & Nicobar Islands
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: The Karnataka Plateau is included in seismic Zone II, which is a low-intensity zone. Zone V is the highest intensity zone and includes areas like Himachal Pradesh, Andaman & Nicobar, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, etc.
Q94: Which among the following is not a characteristic of Primary waves?
1. They are similar to sound waves
2. They are transverse waves
3. They travel through all mediums
4. They are first to reach the surface
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Primary waves (P-Waves) are the first to reach the surface. They are similar to sound waves and, hence, they are longitudinal waves, in which particle movement is in the same direction as wave propagation.
Q95: Which waves produce an entirely horizontal motion?
1. P-Waves
2. S-Waves
3. L-Waves
4. R-Waves
Show Answer
Explanation: Love waves, also called L-waves, lead to horizontal shifting of the earth. These waves are confined to the surface of the earth and produce an entirely horizontal motion.
Q96: What are the lines drawn on the maps joining places experiencing an earthquake at the same time called?
1. Isoseismal lines
2. Homoseismal lines
3. Thermohaline lines
4. Isohaline lines
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Homoseismal lines are the lines drawn on the maps joining places experiencing an earthquake at the same time. They are also called co-seismal lines.
Q97: Which earthquake waves move with a push-pull motion?
1. Primary waves
2. Secondary waves
3. Love waves
4. Raleigh waves
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Primary waves, also called the P waves, are the first to arrive. They move with a push-pull motion.
Q98: Which among the following scales is not related to the measurement of Earthquake?
1. Mercalli scale
2. Richter scale
3. Beaufort scale
4. Rossi-Forel scale
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Beaufort scale is used to measure the wind speed. Scales related to the measurement of earthquakes are Mercalli scale, Richter scale, and Rossi-Forel scale.
Q99: What is the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus called?
1. Epicentre
2. Hypocentre
3. Ridge
4. Radial centre
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Epicentre is the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus. Focus is also called the Hypocentre.
Q100: Who referred to Earthquakes as ‘underground thunderstorms’?
1. Anaxagoras
2. Pythagoras
3. Pliny the Elder
4. Alexander Humboldt
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Pliny the Elder, a Roman author and naturalist, referred to earthquakes as ‘underground thunderstorms’.
Q101: Which is the largest Earthquake measured on the seismograph?
1. The Good Friday Earthquake
2. Shaanxi Earthquake
3. Tangshan Earthquake
4. Chilean Earthquake
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: The Chilean Earthquake of 1960 resulting from a magnitude 9.5 on the seismograph is the largest earthquake.
Q102: What are Stratovolcanoes also called?
1. Shield volcanoes
2. Composite volcanoes
3. Supervolcanoes
4. Volcanic cones
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Composite volcanoes, also called Stratovolcanoes, are built of many layers of hardened lava. Examples include Krakatoa, Indonesia.
Q103: What is the narrow opening of a volcano referred to as?
1. Crater
2. Vent
3. Dyke
4. Sill
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: The narrow opening of a volcano is known as the crater. It is a cup-shaped depression located at the upper part of the vent.
Q104: What is the upper cup or saucer-shaped depression of the volcano called?
1. Vent
2. Crater
3. Cinder
4. Dome
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: The upper cup or saucer-shaped depression of the vent is called the crater. The narrow opening of the volcano is called the vent.
Q105: Which among the following volcanoes is not an active volcano?
1. Mt. Vesuvius
2. Mt. Etna
3. Mt. Kilimanjaro
4. Mauna Kea
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Mt. Kilimanjaro in Africa is an example of an extinct volcano. Active volcanoes are the ones that have erupted in the recent past.
Q106: Which type of volcanoes are the largest?
1. Shield Volcanoes
2. Composite volcanoes
3. Mid-oceanic ridge volcanoes
4. Caldera
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Shield volcanoes are one of the largest volcanoes. They are mostly made up of basalt. For example, Hawaiian shield volcanoes.
Q107: Which among the following are the most explosive volcanoes of the Earth?
1. Shield volcanoes
2. Composite volcanoes
3. Caldera
4. Flood Basalt provinces
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Calderas are known as the most explosive volcanoes of the earth. They tend to collapse on themselves, and these collapsed depressions are called calderas.
Q108: Which among the following is not a composite volcano?
1. Mt. Rainier
2. Mt. Fuji
3. Hawaiian Volcano
4. Mayon Volcano
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Hawaiian Volcano is an example of a Shield volcano. Composite volcanoes include Mt. Fuji, Mayon Volcano, Mt. Rainier, and volcanoes in the Pacific Rim.
Q109: Which forces in the mantle create convergent and divergent boundaries?
1. Centrifugal forces
2. Convectional currents
3. Gravitational forces
4. Electromagnetic currents
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: The convectional currents caused due to pressure difference in different layers of the earth’s crust give rise to convergent and divergent boundaries.
Q110: Which among the following words is not related to Composite Volcanoes?
1. Andesitic
2. Acidic
3. Stratovolcanic
4. Basaltic
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: Composite volcanoes are also referred to as Andesitic, Acidic, and Stratovolcanic. Shield volcanoes are also called basic and basaltic volcanoes.
Q111: Which among the following is not a characteristic of shield volcano?
1. Hottest Lava
2. Highly Fluid
3. Light-coloured lava
4. Poor in silica
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Shield volcanoes are also called basaltic or basic volcanoes. They are characterised by hottest lavas, highly fluid, dark-coloured, and poor in silica.
Q112: Which among the following is not a characteristic of Stratovolcanic lava?
1. Highly viscous
2. Poor in silica
3. Light-coloured
4. Low density
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Andesitic lava, also called composite lava or stratovolcanic lava, is characterised by a high percentage of silica, highly viscous, light-coloured, and low density.
Q113: Which among the following is an extinct volcano?
1. Barren Island
2. Anak Krakatoa
3. Mount Kenya
4. Mount Kilimanjaro
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Mount Kenya is an extinct stratovolcano. Barren Island and Anak Krakatoa are active volcanoes. Mt. Kilimanjaro is a dormant volcano.
Q114: What is a large body of magmatic material that cools in the deeper depth in the form of a large dome called?
1. Lapolith
2. Phacolith
3. Laccolith
4. Batholith
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: Batholiths are granitic bodies of magmatic material that cools in the deeper depth in the form of large domes.
Q115: What is the intrusive saucer-shaped or lens-shaped body called?
1. Batholith
2. Laccolith
3. Phacolith
4. Lapolith
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: Lapolith is a large igneous intrusion that occurs between the layers of sedimentary rocks. They are saucer-shaped and concave to the sky.
Q116: Which is the largest active volcano in the world?
1. Mt.Fuji
2. Mt.Kilimanjaro
3. Mt.Etna
4. Mauna Loa
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: The world’s largest active volcano is Mauna Loa in Hawaii, where famous coffee is grown in the rich volcanic rocks.
Q117: What is the cool, stiff lava called?
1. Blocky lava
2. Pahoehoe
3. Aa
4. Pillow
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: The four types of lava are:
– Blocky lava
– Pahoehoe
– Aa
– Pillow
Blocky lava is the cool and the stiff lava. Blocky lava does not travel far.
Q118: What is the slow-flowing lava looking like a dripping wax called?
1. Blocky Lava
2. Pahoehoe
3. Aa
4. Pillow
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: The four types of lava are:
– Blocky lava
– Pahoehoe
– Aa
– Pillow
Pahoehoe lava is a slow-flowing lava. It looks like dripping wax and forms a glassy surface.
Q119: Which lava is characterised by bulbous, rounded lumps?
1. Blocky lava
2. Aa
3. Pahoehoe
4. Pillow
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: The four types of lava are:
– Block lava
– Pahoehoe
– Aa
– Pillow
Pillow lava forms underwater and is characterised by rounded, bulbous lumps.
Q120: Which among the following volcanoes is not included in the Mediterranean Belt?
1. Cotopaxi
2. Mt. Vesuvius
3. Mt. Etna
4. Barren Island
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Cotopaxi in Andes is a part of the Circum Pacific Belt. 80% of all the volcanoes are situated in the Circum Pacific Belt.
Q121: Which among the following volcanoes is not a part of the Circum Pacific Belt?
1. Mt. Stramboli
2. Cotopaxi
3. Fujiyama
4. Mt. Mayon
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Mt. Stramboli is a part of the Mediterranean Belt. The Circum Pacific belt extends to the margins of the Pacific Ocean, and almost 80% of the volcanoes occur in this belt.
Q122: Which among the following is not a Decade Volcano?
1. Mauna Loa
2. Mt. Kilimanjaro
3. Mt. Vesuvius
4. Mt. Etna
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Mt. Kilimanjaro is not a decade volcano. Decade volcanoes are 16 volcanoes recognized by the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of Earth’s Interior (IAVCEI).
Q123: Where does most of the volcanic activity take place?
1. Along the poles
2. Along the Equator
3. On the Ocean floor
4. Over the Mountains
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Most of the volcanic activity is concentrated on the ocean floor. The Circum Pacific Belt extends along the Pacific Ocean, and almost 80% of the volcanoes occur in this belt.
Q124: Where are volcanoes usually located?
1. Divergent Plate Boundary
2. Convergent Plate Boundary
3. Hotspots
4. All of the above
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: Volcanic activity takes place at the divergent and convergent plate boundaries. At the same time, volcanoes also take place at hotspots.
Q125: Which among the following volcanoes is formed from Felsic lava?
1. Lassen Peak
2. Mauna Loa
3. Kilauea
4. Mount Merapi
Show Answer
Answer: 1
Explanation: Lassen Peak is formed from felsic lava. The lava is called felsic lava if the erupted magma contains a high percentage of silica content (more than 63%).
Q126: What is Ultramafic lava also called?
1. dacites
2. magmatites
3. komatiites
4. rhyolites
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: When the silica content in the lava is less than 45%, the lava is said to be Ultramafic. Ultramafic lava is also referred to as Komatiites.
Q127: Which among the following is correct about Mafic Lava?
1. Contains more than 63% silica
2. Contains 45% – 52% silica
3. Contains 52% – 63% silica
4. Contains less than 45% silica
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: The lava is said to be Mafic if it contains 45% to 52% of Silica. Mafic lava contains a higher percentage of magnesium and iron.
Q128: Which among the following lava is the common eruptive product of submarine volcanoes?
1. Block lava
2. Aa lava
3. Pillow lava
4. Pahoehoe lava
Show Answer
Answer: 3
Explanation: Pillow lava is characterised by rounded, bulbous lumps. They are attributed to the extrusion of lava underwater.
Q129: Which among the following is not a Supervolcano?
1. Mt. Toba
2. Mt. Yellowstone Caldera
3. Mt. Aira Caldera
4. Mt. Etna
Show Answer
Answer: 4
Explanation: Mt. Etna is not a supervolcano. Supervolcanoes are large volcanoes with a Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) of 8. Examples of supervolcanoes are Yellowstone, Aira Caldera (Japan), Long Valley (California), Toba (Indonesia), Taupo (New Zealand).
Q130: Which among the following is an example of Cinder cone?
1. Mount Saint Helens
2. Sunset Crater
3. Lassen Peak
4. Mount Vesuvius
Show Answer
Answer: 2
Explanation: Cinder cone or volcanic cone results from eruptions by small pieces of pyroclastics and scoria. Examples of cinder cones are Paricutin (Mexico) and Sunset Crater (Arizona).