21. In which of the following marriages in the Vedic era was a girl given by her father to a sage?
- Gandharva marriage
- Arsha marriage
- Brahma marriage
- Daiva marriage
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Correct Answer: Arsha marriage
Arsha Marriage: Arsha marriage was a type of marital union in ancient India where a girl was given in marriage by her father to a sage or rishi. This form of marriage was characterized by the consent of the girl and her family, emphasizing the importance of mutual agreement. Arsha marriages were not based solely on physical or material considerations but instead revolved around spiritual or intellectual compatibility. It signified a union between a sage, who was often deeply involved in religious and philosophical pursuits, and a girl from a family that held similar values. These marriages were seen as alliances that transcended the physical world, focusing on spiritual and intellectual harmony between the partners.
22. Who said that Tibet is the original home of Aryans?
- Max Muller
- A.C. Das
- Swami Dayanand Saraswati
- Bal Gangadhar Tilak
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Correct Answer: Swami Dayanand Saraswati
Swami Dayanand Saraswati and the Tibet Theory: Swami Dayanand Saraswati, the founder of the Arya Samaj, proposed a theory that posited Tibet as the original homeland of the Aryans. This theory was based on his interpretations of Vedic texts and other Aryan literature. According to Swami Dayanand, he believed that the geographical references in the Vedas pointed to Tibet as the place of origin for the Aryans. While this theory was proposed by Swami Dayanand, it has not gained widespread acceptance among scholars and historians. The debate over the homeland of the Aryans remains a topic of discussion in the field of ancient Indian history and archaeology.
23. The chief of Rig Vedic tribal society was known as?
- Kulapa
- Rajana
- Mahisi
- None of the above
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Correct Answer: Rajana
Rajana in Rig Vedic Tribal Society: In the Rig Vedic tribal society, the chief or leader of the tribe was known as the “Rajana.” The society had a somewhat monarchical structure, with the Rajana holding a position of authority and leadership within the tribal community. The Rajana played a crucial role in decision-making, governance, and maintaining order within the tribe. While the Rig Vedic society was not as complexly organized as later kingdoms and empires, the Rajana held significant power and influence in tribal affairs.
24. Which of the following was the basis of initial differentiation between the Vedic and non-Vedic people?
- Occupation
- Religion
- Varna
- Jati
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Correct Answer: Varna
Basis of Differentiation Between Vedic and Non-Vedic People: During the Vedic period, the initial differentiation between the Vedic and non-Vedic people was not primarily based on varna or color, as the term suggests. Instead, it was characterized by linguistic, cultural, and religious distinctions. The Vedic people, often referred to as Indo-Aryans, spoke an Indo-Aryan language and followed the Vedic religion, which is the precursor to modern Hinduism. They had distinct rituals, hymns, and religious practices recorded in the Vedas.
25. What was the other name of dasas during the Rig Vedic period?
- Turvasha
- Druhyu
- A-vrata
- Yadu
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Correct Answer: A-vrata
Dasa People in the Rig Vedic Period: The dasas were indigenous inhabitants during the Rig Vedic period, and they are often described as non-Vedic or non-Aryan people in Vedic texts. The term “dasa” originally meant “servant” or “slave” but later came to refer to the indigenous population who did not adhere to the Vedic social and religious system. They were often depicted as adversaries in Vedic hymns and literature. The dasas were considered outsiders in the Vedic society, and the Vedic people viewed them as not following the ordinances of the gods or adhering to Vedic traditions. This differentiation between Vedic and non-Vedic people was a complex social and cultural phenomenon of the time.
26. In which of the following was the only mention of the four varnas found?
- Seventh mandal
- First mandal
- Fifth mandal
- Tenth mandal
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Correct Answer: Tenth mandal
Four Varnas (Castes) in the Rig Veda: The Rig Veda, one of the oldest sacred texts of Hinduism, contains a mention of the four varnas or castes in the Purusashukta hymn of the tenth mandala (book). This hymn is often referred to as the “Hymn of Man” and describes the creation of the social structure. According to this hymn, the four varnas were created from different parts of the primordial being, with each caste having specific roles and duties in society. These varnas are traditionally described as Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and farmers), and Shudras (laborers and servants). The concept of varnas became central to the caste system in later Hindu society, shaping social and occupational roles.
27. Who was the head of the family during the Rig Vedic Age?
- Kulapa
- Vis
- Rajan
- Jana
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Correct Answer: Kulapa
Kulapa in the Rig Vedic Age: In the Rig Vedic Age, the head of the family was known as the Kulapa. This period followed a patrilineal system, where descent and inheritance were traced through the male lineage. The Kulapa held authority and responsibilities within the family unit, overseeing its affairs and making decisions. The term “Kulapa” signifies the importance of the patriarchal figure in early Vedic society, as the family was a fundamental social unit. The role of the Kulapa was integral to the organization and functioning of the family structure during this era.
28. What did ‘vis’ mean in Rigvedic era?
- Religion
- Ethnicity
- Clan
- Race
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Correct Answer: Clan
Vis and Jana in the Rig Vedic Age: In the context of the Rig Vedic Age, the term “Vis” referred to the clan or lineage. Families were grouped into larger social units called “Vis” or clans, and one or more clans together constituted a “jana” or tribe. The jana was the most extensive social unit in this period, representing a collection of clans and families who shared common ancestry, traditions, and often, territorial boundaries. The concept of “Vis” and “Jana” underscores the importance of kinship and social organization in early Vedic society, where people identified themselves with their clan and tribe. These units played a significant role in social, religious, and political life during the Rig Vedic Age.
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